Opening Statement State V Micahel Miller Free Essays

Ladies and Gentleman of the jury, here we have a malicious crime towards humanity. Here we have the Shirley Thompson accusing Michael Miller of aggravated sexual assault, also holding her at knife point. Shirley Thompson was walking home on the early morning of January 9th. We will write a custom essay sample on Opening Statement State V Micahel Miller or any similar topic only for you Order Now As she is on her way home from a tiring day from work she is viscously attacked by this molester also known as Michael Miller. Thompson works a 7pm-3am shift and on this shift she is the only waitress working. From working this shift she felt sick and asked permission to end her shift at 11 pm. She decided not to contact he husband to tell him she was on her way home because Thompson only lives a six block distance from the tasty good restaurant where she is employed. My client has only worked there for 5 months she meets people that come in and out of that place every day. THAT MAN right their Michael Miller attacked my client on that night of Jan 9th, He will tell you that they had met in times before. Miller and Thompson had an agreement to meet each other. In actuality she had never seen this man before in her life. Mr Miller is employed at Eddie’s service station. Mr. Miller has been through the legal system in times before he has been charged with burglary and pleaded guilty and was let go on 5 yrs probation. We have all the evidence needed to prove that Miller is indeed guilty of this crime towards this hard working lady. Not only do we Ms Thompsons Chilling description of the crime and question: we also have the reporting officers testimony stating the fact in which he found Ms. Thompson after her encounter with this molester. Also in our hands are the physicians medical report that reveals that presence of sperm inside of my client. The Thompson family have been deeply scared by this heinous act. This man should be charged with Rape in the 1st degree, criminal possession of a weapon in the 4th degree and kidnapping in the 4th degree. He should kept out of society it’s obvious he can’t socialize without attack. He has shown attendance for crime in his past, that same criminal instinct has rise once again How to cite Opening Statement State V Micahel Miller, Papers

Case Study Business Strategy Management

Question: Case study on Business Strategy Management. Answer: Introduction Several strategic models can help an organization establish a competitive advantage over its business rivals in the market (Magretta 2012). Business organizations might choose to operate or compete across a focused or broad market. Companies might apply cost leadership, focus, and differentiation. The strategies are applicable at the unit level of the business. For the case of Virgin Australia, the differentiation strategy fits it well for the purposes of gaining competitive advantages over its rivals in the market. By tailoring the entire marketing program through finding different ways of being unique in the market place companies are able to gain competitive advantage over its competitors. The company can establish a unique position in the market by differentiating the services, products, brand, and employees. In the competitive airline market, Virgin Australia can be able to gain advantage over it rivals by using the product positioning strategy. Some aspects that can help distinguish Virgin Australia from its competitors are discussed. Some of the methods and strategies that are used in ensuring the company maintains its competitiveness include international joint ventures, the differentiation strategy, branding and culture, product and service positioning, and market segmentation. The differentiation strategy The differentiation strategy is involved in product or service development that offers unique features that the customers value and take as different or better in quality than the services from the competition. Therefore for Virgin Australia, differentiation is the strategy to go as the products, services offered involves transport of goods, and people do desired destinations. It provides comfortable transport of both goods and passengers. The value the unique product adds allows Virgin Australia to charge premium prices. The process of charging premium prices will enable the company to cover the extra cost that comes in by offering the unique transportation. Because of the unique services Virgin Australia offers, if the suppliers of the product in any case increase the prices the company can pass the costs to the customers. The differentiation strategy will enable Virgin Australia to have; a reputation in the cooperative world for innovation and quality, a strong sales team, innovat ive and skilled team, and access to high scientific research. However, Virgin Australia has to ensure it is flexible and agile in the process of developing new products used in the cleaning process. Some of the risks Virgin Australia might encounter in the market by using the differentiation strategy include; changes in customer taste, imitation by their competitors, and loss in value of the services they offer. The ability of VirginAustralia to be agile and flexible will enable it compete fairly with their competitors that will use the focus strategy in the same market environment. Using individual customer needs basing on experience is one of the ways of increasing customer base using the differentiation strategy. Start by knowing what the customer needs and what he or she wants and thus equating to expectations. After analysis of the customers who are mainly over 30 years, the company will be able to work backwards to formulate new experiences that will be higher than what the customer expects. In order to achieve this, the company will speak to their customers and after listening delivery of superior experience is necessary. Another way of increasing the customer base is through the creation of experience between the customers and the real employees thus its uniqueness. Many customers prefer meeting with real people as opposed to getting emails and messages from the company. Ensuring that the engagement with customers is a personal experience helps in building a strong relationship between the company and the customers. The process of ensuring personal meeti ngs with the customers enables the company to increase its customer base, as the loyal customers will communicate with other customers. Innovations in airline market especially to go with the needs of the customers is important for Virgin Australia to increase customer base. Differentiating allows the company to give the customers a good reason to buy your products and use your services as opposed to other competitors products. It should answer the question what makes you different. Customization of flights according to age groups will be a clear strategy of increasing customer base. Sustainability through branding and culture In entering new markets, competition from other companies often leads to the profits going down. However, the sustainability of the business company can enable it survive any competition from other firms. The business strategy used can ensure competitive advantages in securing of customers and defending against competitive forces. Virgin Australia clearly has a sustainable competitive advantage over its competitors because of several reasons. Established culture and brand ensures Virgin Australias sustainability in the competitive front. External branding which is critical in ensuring customer loyalty and awareness will enable Virgin Australia survive the competitive airline business. Virgin Australia continuously participates in promotion activities and charity events as a method of promoting its brand both internally and externally. Often, customers remain with brands they are loyal with without considering the price of the products and services being offered. Through focusing on building strong relationships with its customers, Virgin Australia continues to deliver high quality services and great customer experience. In addition, Virgin Australia also provide unique services, which involves provision of music systems, monitors and massage parlors in the planes. The uniqueness of Virgin Australia will allow it to be sustainable and compete in the market that has increased competition over the years. The other aspect tha t will ensure Virgin Australia remains sustainable is the customer services it provides. It took time for the company to establish its customer services but after being established it has been hard for competitors to develop a reputation that can be compared to it. In summary, the ability of Virgin Australia to focus on the environment, the business and the people enables it to have sustainable economic advantages needed to survive the competitive business market. International joint ventures Entering into an international joint venture with other international airline companies will enable Virgin Australiato expand its business. Virgin Australia will be able to gain some advantages in the joint venture. However, there are some risks involved in this kind of international joint venture. Some advantages of international joint ventures include; it allows for faster and cheaper access to foreign markets. It provides a faster access to the distribution channels and knowledge on the local markets and this enhances sustainability and success of the joint venture (Campbell Netzer 2011). In addition, the resident partner, which in this case is any other airline, willalready be having existing relationships with key customers and suppliers and the proficiency in the local values and language. Another advantage of this joint venture is that it allows for sharing of risks and costs between the two partners (Campbell 2013). In case of any losses in the business or tragic accidents, the two partners will share the costs of damages thus reducing the quantity of financial assets that will be lost. Finally, the business venture will move quickly in addition to being credible and effective. However, this depends on the reputation of the resident partner in the local market. Internat ional joint ventures can also enable the two partners to take advantage of synergies and complementary business lines that are in existence between the two companies (Chatterjee Gray 2014). International joint ventures also pause risks including; inadequate planning and strategies may result to failure and a frustrating experiences for the partners. Some aspects can be difficult to anticipate especially due to poor and inadequate planning. Issues with technology, marketplace developments, economic downtowns, and uncertainties with regulation can have drastic impacts on international joint ventures. Another risk is the possibility of creating a competitor in your own partner in the joint venture. However, this can be solved through non-competition and non-solicitation from the joint venture agreements (Wolf 2012). Finally, joint ventures can result in management issues because of the diluted profits due to sharing. Partners may discover their inflexible nature and inability to share expectations with their partner because of different management philosophies. The inflexibility of the partners to change and evolving needs of the joint venture can lead to failure of the bu siness. All these risks have to be taken into consideration in the formation of the international joint venture. Market segmentation Market segmentation is created based on several strategies and some consumer characteristics for example behavior and demographics. Market segmentation involves the identification of the bases for segmentation and determination of the important characteristics of each segment in the market. The market segmentation of airline transport is based on the customers age, status, and needs. The market segmentation of airlines enables the company to know the psychographic needs of the customer and provides the company with the opportunity of formulating a good plan for the future for satisfaction of customer needs, taste, and preferences. The market segmentation of airlines include; business class and normal transport .Mens watches are manufactured differently as they are much bigger compared to the others and they have big wrist straps. Womens watches on the other hand have thinner wrist straps and are much smaller with several decorations. Kids watches are mainly made of plastic and are small. Watches according to ceremonies are often customized according to the customers needs or the ceremonies theme. All these customers have to be catered for to enable growth of the airline Company. Targeting of the different customers needs proper evaluation of the commercial and potential attractiveness for each of the market segment. Accessibility of the market segment is an important aspect in targeting the segments. Each segment has to be accessible to enable them to receive marketing advertisements and feedback from them is also important for the company. Focusing on different benefits the segments provide is another way I would use to target the different market segments. Different market segments need different benefits and therefore focusing on these benefits will enable the company to target different customers. The profits that the company anticipate should be able to exceed the additional marketing costs due to planning. The needs for each market segment do not differ by much. Therefore, marketing messages should be emphasized for all the relevant features and benefits that are needed as opposed to one size of the watches that fit for all customer segments. This meth odology is efficient for the delivery of different products for different market segments. Product and service positioning By tailoring the entire marketing program through finding different ways of being unique in the market place companies are able to gain competitive advantage over its competitors. The company can establish a unique position in the market by differentiating the services, products, brand, and employees. In the competitive wristwatch market, Virgin Australia can be able to gain advantage over it rivals by using the product positioning strategy. Some aspects that can help distinguish Virgin Australia from its competitors are discussed. Focusing on companys market expertise for the purposes of developing market specialization is one of the important ways of gaining competitive advantage over other companies in the same business. Instead of concentrating on a wide market that encompasses transport of all types of cargo, the company can zero in on only transport of vehicles and vehicle spare parts. This would enable the company to specialize in vehicle and vehicle spare part transport and appeal to the motor vehicle industry needs and wants thus giving the company an advantage over the other companies that focus on all the market segments. Secondly, the company can make its airline services stand out as improved and new. This can be achieved by closely studying the competitors and identify how the target and solve the market problem. After careful evaluation of the competitors, the company should then ensure that they provide a unique solution to the market problem. Finally, the company should be able to leverage its expertise through establishing leadership in the market. If customers perceive the company as experts, this will transfer to the products in this case wristwatches. The company can be able to establish leadership in the technological and sales aspect of the market and with this sustain any competition from other companies. Activities such as social media marketing, article and blog writing can be used to gain leadership for the company. Value Chain Analysis Value chain is the functions and activities that the airport or any other firm performs for the purposes of delivering valuable products and services to the market, which in this case are the passengers. It is dependent on the process of manufacturing organization as a system that is based on the inputs to the airport which are the services, the transformation process, which involves the provision of the services to the passengers, and finally the output, which are the profit returns from the services provided to the passangers. Inbound supply chain otherwise known as inbound logistics are the first phase of the value chain because they have the earliest or first opportunity to create value. Aspects of this phase are taken as upstream activities. In this case, that is the airports the inbound logistics include the receiving the customers to the airport and selling them tickets for the purposes of travelling. Secondly, handling of the passengers for example, the airport staff then handles the passengers by offering services in the arrivals and leaving passengers areas. Lastly, the airport then provides any additional services to their customers for example through the provision of food, refreshing drinks, and even music. Addition of value to the services is achieved through maintaining high levels of consumer choice and improving efficiency in the distribution system. There is also a potential to add value by application of quality control to prevent poor services from reaching customers. Quality control also prevents unfair costs from being passed to customers and provides a good opportunity for cost reduction. Operations involves the production elements of the airport, they are service oriented. Therefore, operations provide the second upstream aspects to allow for products and services to be offered. Some aspects of operations include ensuring the airport is operational daily according to the trading hours, maintaining proper service provision at all times, and all these services add value. There is always a potential for the airport to add value to its products and services. Expansion in terms of hours of operation in some of the branches can aid in achieving this. However, there might be some restrictions according to planning and law councils thus leading to loss of value competitively. Outbound supply chain also known as outbound logistics in the value chain has the sole purpose of delivery of goods and services to the consumer. The airport can add value through the online booking services. Improvement of other tangibles such as till staff, luggage collectors and parking facilities help in gaining advantage competitively. When these services are improved and executed well they clearly add value through saving of customer time at the same time turnaround will increase. Addition of value concerning luggage carriers can be achieved through implementing the trolley deposit system, ensuring that they are clean, making them easily available and finally allowing quick access to and from the premises. Marketing and sales are the downstream aspects of value chain. Introduction of club cards in the airport adds value through provision of discounts thus ensuring customer loyalty. Advertisements in the national television stations and radio stations further improves the value of the goods and services. A campaign such as lower prices or even discount offers are some of the ways airport use to obtain more customers therefore increasing profits. Loss of value in the marketing is a disadvantage that can be caused by sophistication of customers and their general awareness to the business practice. Taking this as an advantage the airport can provide customers with many recycling points and provide this information in their advertisements. SWOT analysis strengths weaknesses opportunities Threats In bound supply High levels of consumer choice. Improved efficiency. Productivity Quality control. New services. Price changes. Financial capacity. Process Expansion Loss of value Growing economy Rising costs of employee salary that is, cost of production. Outbound supply Innovation Improved customer service Productivity Future loss of value New products and services. Increase interest rates. Marketing and sales Reduced labor costs. Domestic market High growth rate Future profitability. Loss of value in the services provided. New markets Growing economy and demand. Growing competition. Technological problems. Change in prices. Financial capacity. Table 1: SWOT analysis Recommendations Improvement on the several operations and management aspects of the airline can be done in order to promote several operations and management aspects of the organization. The changes to improve the functionality of the airline can be done on the service offering aspect, quality assurance, environmental practices, human resource practices, airside management, and terminal operations. Improvement on the services being offered by the airport include online check in and buying of tickets where the passenger books his or her flight online from anywhere as long as he can access the internet. Human resource and marketing could be improved through provision of airlines club cards that give discounts to loyal customers. Proper international advertising through the several media channels is another way of creation and improving marketing services of the airline. Quality assurance can be improved through ensuring that proper maintenance to the airplanes, taxiways, runways, and airport fences. The management can improve terminal operations and airside management by converting some of the manual services being offered into electronic services. Responsiveness to accidents can be made fast by installation of CCTV cameras in all areas and ensuring that there is ample space that will enable the emergency response team to reach the place of accident faster. Conclusion In conclusion for the company to maintain its competitive edge several aspects have been put forward in the recommendations but some of them are key. Ensuring that there is improvement in customer service and improvement of human resource and planning are the focus in the sustainability of Virgin Australia. Application of several strategies and methods such as international joint ventures, market segmentation, service and product positioning, and the differentiation strategy will further ensure the companys sustainability in the ever increasing airlines market. References Arndt, J. (2014). Market segmentation: Theoretical and empirical dimensions. Bergen: Universitiesforlaget. Campbell, D., Netzer, A. (2011). International joint ventures. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International. Campbell, D. (2013). International joint ventures. New York: Matthew Bender. Cantrell, R. L. (2013). Outpacing the competition: Patent-based business strategy. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Chatterjee, K., Gray, B. (2014). International joint ventures: Economic and organizational perspectives. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher. Frank, R. E., Massy, W. F., Wind, Y. (2012). Market Segmentation. Englewood Cliffs, N.J:Prentice-Hall. Glasmeier, A. K. (2015). Manufacturing time: Global competition in the watch industry, 1795 - 2015. New York: Guilford Press. Glynn, M. S., Woodside, A. G. (2011). Business-to-business brand management: Theory, research and executive case study exercises. Bingley: JAI Press. Hammond, J., Hammond, J. (2011). Branding your business: [promote your business, attract customers, build your brand through the power of emotion]. London: Kogan Page.

Global Issues in Strategic Management Essay Example

Global Issues in Strategic Management Essay Explain global issues in strategic management: Essay sample What is strategic management? Global Strategy is just one part of the larger subject of Strategic Management. Typically in many strategic management textbooks, International and Global Strategy appears as one of the chapter alongside many others for example, its chapter 19 in my book. Take the Blackberry RIM range of mobile phones. This Canadian company has been very successful, so far, in terms of its international and global strategy. But it began by using the basic principles of strategic management customer focus on the business customer, competitive advantage through its focus on the easy email access, resource-based analysis based on its patented technology rather than anything specific to global strategy. But then Blackberry RIM added a global strategy for example, its co-operation with the Reliance mobile network in India shown right to add to the basic strategy. What this means is that many of the basic principles of Strategic Management customer focus, competitive advantage, resource-based analysis, etc. are also fundamental to the development of International and Global Strategy. The purpose of this section of the website is therefore to offer a brief summary of some of the main elements. Clearly, it is not possible to cover all the material set out in an 800-page text. Here, we highlight some key areas and principles. First, we summarise the two main strategic processes prescriptive and emergent a nd mention some of the background theories that underpin them. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Issues in Strategic Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Global Issues in Strategic Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Global Issues in Strategic Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Second, we present video summaries of some selected chapters from my book StrategicManagement 5th Edition which explore the main areas in more depth. You may like to know that the four previous editions of the book were called Corporate Strategy: we changed the title for the fifth edition to reflect changes in strategy thinking since the publication of the first edition in 1997. Background to strategic management development In reality, strategic management is a relatively young subject. It has its roots in the economic and social theories of the 1930s and 1940s perhaps even earlier. But it only really began to emerge as a separate topic in the 1960s and 1970s. Even today, there is only partial agreeement on the fundamental principles of strategic management with many views, ideas and concepts. This makes the topic interesting and challenging. But it also means that there is no fully accepted body of knowledge unlike, for example, mechanical engineering or organic chemistry. According to one recent authoritive survey amongst academic strategists (Nag et al,Strategic Management Journal, 2007, Vol 28, pages 935-955), there are two main streams of thought related to strategic process: prescriptive (or intended) strategic processes and emergent strategic processes. The authors produced the following definition from their survey over the period 1983-2004: The field of strategic management deals with the major intended and emergent initiatives taken by general managers on behalf of owners, involving utilization of resources, to enhance the performance of firms in their external environments.

Free Essays on Birth And Growth Of The Automobile

Through the course of the 20th century, there were many engineering marvels. The â€Å"Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century† are presented at www.GreatAchievements.org, complete with a history and timeline of that particular technology. This list of achievements was compiled by the National Academy of Engineering, along with 30 other professional engineering societies. I have chosen to write about the birth and continued development of the automobile. As with any developing technology, the growth and development of the automobile was driven by the factors that cause technical change. I believe the two factors that played a key role for the automobile were consumer demand and government action. Consumer demand is just what it sounds like, consumers want a new technology, and are willing to pay for it. Government action is also just what it sounds like. The government puts into effect new laws, which change the way products are manufactured. For instance, the EPA has mandated that all cars built after a certain date be â€Å"Environmentally Friendly†, by putting out less pollution and getting better gas mileage. At the beginning of the 20th century, the average American traveled only 1,200 miles in a lifetime. Most of that traveling was done on foot, and within that person’s own town. This is where consumer demand comes into play. People wanted to travel, but they weren’t going to walk from state to state to get where they wanted to go. People wanted a quicker, more efficient way to get from point A to point B. The first cars were electric cars and made their debut in the 1800’s. These cars could travel approximately 50 miles at 10 to 20 mph before needing recharging. By 1900, there were 50 automobile manufacturing companies in the United States. With an average cost of $1,550 per car, only the wealthy car, and only 8,000 were registered in the United States. With the advent of mass production,... Free Essays on Birth And Growth Of The Automobile Free Essays on Birth And Growth Of The Automobile Through the course of the 20th century, there were many engineering marvels. The â€Å"Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century† are presented at www.GreatAchievements.org, complete with a history and timeline of that particular technology. This list of achievements was compiled by the National Academy of Engineering, along with 30 other professional engineering societies. I have chosen to write about the birth and continued development of the automobile. As with any developing technology, the growth and development of the automobile was driven by the factors that cause technical change. I believe the two factors that played a key role for the automobile were consumer demand and government action. Consumer demand is just what it sounds like, consumers want a new technology, and are willing to pay for it. Government action is also just what it sounds like. The government puts into effect new laws, which change the way products are manufactured. For instance, the EPA has mandated that all cars built after a certain date be â€Å"Environmentally Friendly†, by putting out less pollution and getting better gas mileage. At the beginning of the 20th century, the average American traveled only 1,200 miles in a lifetime. Most of that traveling was done on foot, and within that person’s own town. This is where consumer demand comes into play. People wanted to travel, but they weren’t going to walk from state to state to get where they wanted to go. People wanted a quicker, more efficient way to get from point A to point B. The first cars were electric cars and made their debut in the 1800’s. These cars could travel approximately 50 miles at 10 to 20 mph before needing recharging. By 1900, there were 50 automobile manufacturing companies in the United States. With an average cost of $1,550 per car, only the wealthy car, and only 8,000 were registered in the United States. With the advent of mass production,...

Systems and operations management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Systems and operations management - Assignment Example The company employs more than 52,000 employees based in four countries at sixteen different sites. The four countries in which the 16 sites are set up are Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Spain. The final assembly of the aircraft is done in Toulouse (France). Also, the company has its subsidiaries in the United States, Japan, China and India. The company has built the world first commercially viable fly-by-wire airliner, the Airbus A320, and also the largest airliner, the A380. The Airbus A380 is a four engine double deck airplane is a double-deck, and is the largest airplane in the world. It took its first flight on 27 April 2005 from Toulouse, and the first commercial flight was operated on 25 October 2007 from Singapore to Sydney in alliance with the Singapore Airlines Corporation. The airplane design offers cabin size of 50% more than the Boeing 747 which is the second largest airplane in the world and provides for a seating space of 850 people as compared to only 525 in t he Boeing 727. Airbus 380 is available in both the passenger and freight models and is the first airplane to use the GTL-based fuel technology. This paper, divided into four section, will make a detailed study about the operations management of Airbus 380, use of Information technology, and soft system methodology to enhance the business and management operations of Airbus. SECTION 1 This section will study the role of operations management, the reasons behind its initiation at the company, and its effect on the business objectives. This section provides the detailed analysis of operations management at Airbus, and how it has been implemented with the help of various OM techniques to increase efficiency. The previous operations at Airbus were not in line with the new requirements of Airbus A380. The new system required higher efficiencies, with precision, and reliability of speedy data and decision making. The old manufacturing facilities were not able to support the requirements of a new and more complex engineering product. It was important that the management makes significant changes in the operational process and data handling system to improve efficiencies. Also the supply chain of the company was in dire need of modifications and up gradations to carry out all the requirements for the manufacture of airbus A380. The engineers were not able to identify the cause of frequent disruptions that usually occurred in the system, which resulted in fault decision making at most of the times. In order to cure the system of these problems, it was evident that operational management would be employed in the form of various techniques that would assist in managing the overall business in a more profitable manner. The company management decided to implement two operations management techniques in its manufacturing floors – Enterprise resource planning and SCOR. Airbus introduced a new oracle based ERP system which also consisted of integrated accounting and cos ting along with the regular purchase and inventory management, production planning, and logistics management systems. The implementation of the ERP made it mandatory that the system is centralized in nature required and the production chain assumes a â€Å"Pull type† formation instead of the existing â€Å"Push type† configuration, ( Chekland, 1981). With these two reforms in place, it became easier to share the data easily within the various manufacturing centers of Airbus and

Named data networking Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Named data networking - Term Paper Example Named data networking is a new architecture that has been developed to revolutionize the current internet architecture. There is no doubt the network engineers have made significant development in the current network design. Indeed, current networks have many innovations that have transformed how data are shared between various computers connected to the internet. Despite these, the same network is characterized by many challenges that have hindered the transfer of data between different endpoints. However, the named data networking is a paradigm that is poised to overcome the many challenges facing current implementation of networks. The introduction of named data networking will give more emphasis on data, liberate content from providers and provide a myriad of benefits to computer users, despite having some limitations. How named data network works The development of the named data networking is based on a number of concepts that work to improve how data is shared across the inter net. These concepts shape the function of any named data network based on the principle of named data networking. In a named data networking, each piece of data has a name, which uniquely identifies the data anywhere in the network configuration. In addition, all pieces of data provide more information on what they contain rather than what they are. The change from who to what is a significant shift that defines how named data networks function (Chen, Goes, & Marsden 154). ... This is a process where data are signed with unique signature name that also secure the metadata. The specific signatures are public keys with binding enforced between names and data. Because of this, a named data network does not need a name lookup process. Named data networks also have encryption mechanism that secures packets during transit from one location to another. Naming principles are a core function that influences the functioning of named data network. In a named data network, variable length identifiers are used to name data thus categorizing them into hierarchies. Content versions and segments are used to characterize information at the lower levels of a named data network (Serpanos and Wolf 23). When in use, the named data network works by specifying how information can traverse the network. The selection process is done when a host sends an interest group. The transport strategy in named data networks entails sending of single data packets in response to each interest packet received. In some instances, network hosts can send many interest packets to ensure that flow of data is controlled in some applications. With the difficulty of flow control, network nodes learn the best strategy to send their packets to support an end-to-end communication. Content segments are also used to replace TCP sequence numbers in use. Named data networks have different routing mechanism. A named data network makes use of a mechanism that provides link advertisement between various nodes. This advertisement provides includes a named prefix. Similarly, OSPF protocols can be used to achieve intra-domain routing that includes type-label values that indicated in the protocol segment. The use of names removes the challenge of using IP architecture for routing

The Calling of Saul of Tarsus

The Calling of Saul of Tarsus A leading persecutor of Christians, Saul of Tarsus sought to destroy the Church (1 Cor. 15:9; Gal. 1:13, 23). Except for Jesus, no one influenced the early church more than Saul, also known as the apostle Paul. This paper will examine the circumstances and events prompting a zealous persecutor of the church to become the most influential leader for the spread of the Gospel to the Gentiles. It will be shown that the calling of Saul was a true conversion even though he was not moving from one religion to another. His calling emphasized change but emphasized the conviction that the final expression and intent of Judaism had been born. Paul was born a Jew, and was a citizen of Tarsus where he was a tentmaker by trade. He received his rabbinic training in Jerusalem, under the teaching of Gamaliel. According to Pauls own account, he was a strict adherent among Pharisees (Gal. 1:14, Phil. 3:5-6). Paul inherited Roman citizenship (Acts 22:2528), which was widely granted during the latter part of the Roman republic. Paul claims in Acts 22:28, that he had been born a Roman citizen. This would mean that he had inherited Roman citizenship from his father. Little is known of Pauls life prior to the events discussed in Acts. He is first mentioned in chapter 7 in connection with the execution of Stephen. According to Acts 7:58, the witnesses laid their clothes at the feet of a young man named Saul. Paul was a Pharisee, a prominent young member of that sect. Steeped in the monotheism of the Old Testament Scriptures, he could only count as blasphemy the claims of Jesus disciples that their Master was the Son of God. He could only ridicule the issue of a life that terminated, as he thought, on a despised cross and in a gloomy sepulcher, rather than on a throne of glory. With regard to Pauls pre-Christian attitude to the gospel, one thing is certain; he was opposed to it with his whole heart. In his apostolic letters he speaks of his previous hatred for the church (Gal 1:13; Phil 3:6). His persecution of Christians was to him a holy war. The only explanation that can be given of his sudden reversal is that the risen Christ actually appeared to him and by the sheer persuasion of His deity, claimed the faith and allegiance of the persecutor. Pauls conversion/calling to the Way took place near the city of Damascus. Four characteristics stand out in the accounts of this event. First, Paul was actively engaged in persecuting Christians and did not anticipate his conversion (Acts 9:19; 22:416; 26:917). Second, the event that initiated the unexpected change of course was a revelation of Jesus Christ made to Paul alone. Third, Soon after this revelation Paul had contact with a certain Christian (Ananias) in Damascus who recognized Paul as a believer in Christ by baptizing him. Fourth, Paul was immediately called by Jesus to take the Gospel to the Gentiles (1 Cor. 9:1; 15:89; Gal. 1:1516; cf. Eph. 3:16). Pauls Damascus experience becomes the most famous conversion/calling in history. Suddenly he is blinded by a light from heaven the light of the glory of Christ. His surrender to Jesus was instantaneous and complete: What shall I do, Lord? (Acts 22:10). He could not see because of the glory of that light (Acts 22:11), but he had already seen the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ (2 Corinthians 4:6). The god of this world could blind him no longer. At his conversion/calling, Paul was commanded to open the eyes and turn them from darkness to light (Acts 26:18). Although Paul was blinded after his encounter with the Lord, Ananias laid hands on Paul, something like scales fell from his eyes (Acts 9:18), and he was able to see. He had first-hand knowledge and experience of turning from darkness to light, and his command from the Lord was as clear as his newly regained sight. Content to allude to Pauls blindness and recovery as historical events, Luke wishes by a sober narration of carefully selected facts to make it clear that Pauls meeting with Christ is not to be classed with other visions, however supernatural, but is to be accepted on a par with the other appearances of the Risen Lord. So Paul goes from opposing God and persecuting Jesus to joining the persecuted side. After spending several days with the disciples at Damascus, Saul went into the synagogues and boldly proclaimed Jesus, that he is the Son of God (Acts 9:20). Krister Stendahl argues that a proper interpretation of Romans 7 shows that Paul, as a loyal Jew, had experienced no struggle or guilt feelings that would have led him, through dissatisfaction with the law, to turn to Christ.Neither did he suffer from an introspective conscience..Stendahl prefers to regard him as someone who did not abandon his Jewishness for a new religion but, rather, as a Jew who was given a new vocation in service of the Gentiles. The description, in Acts, of Pauls sudden conversion on the road to Damascus is primarily the creation of Luke; Pauls biographer. Lukes description of Paul is not impartial biography either, for it was intended to dramatize the early churchs journey from Judea into the gentile world. In some ways Luke downplays Pauls claims, but he uses Pauls life and mission to illustrate the destiny of Christianity. Many of the details of Pauls life come from Luke since most biographical details are missing from Pauls own letters. Lukes description of Pauls conversion draws on the Hebrew Bible for themes of prophetic calling, paralleling the commissioning of Jeremiah (Jer. 1:5-11) and Isaiah (Isa. 6:1-9). Pauls calling, and ultimate conversion to Christianity, depicts the decisive change Paul experienced. Not only was Pauls conversion/calling remarkable with respect to his view of Jesus, but in his attitude toward Gentiles. Judaism is well known for its exclusivist attitude. It was unlawful for a Jew to have fellowship with one who is uncircumcised. Along with his conversion he received a prophetic commission to convert the gentiles. It is inadequate to speak only in terms of Pauls conversionas if he were moving from one religion to another; and likewise only in terms of his callas if he were continuing in an unaltered faith. The conversion-call combination emphasizes both continuity and change. Stendahl challenges the appropriateness of conversion language because Paul has not changed religions, that is, he never turns from loyalties to the God with which he began. While the answer might seem clear enough, working with Stendahls assumptions complicates the task; and furthermore, Luke nowhere explicitly defines conversion, nor provides a consistent pattern of entry into the church. When he does specify the means by which one joins the group, he is generally rounding out narrative portions which demonstrate the overarching effects of preaching. He does, however, offer sufficient material for us at least to consider the nature of a changed relationship with God, and ask whether the change constitutes conversion. Although we customarily label this experience Pauls conversion, this can be done only in retrospect, for at that time Judaism and Christianity were not yet separate religions. In reality, Paul changed brands of Judaism, switching from Pharisaic to Christian Judaism. On e of the main ways that Luke demonstrates Sauls changed relationship with God is to show this change in group affiliations. That is, while not an end in itself, his new corporate identity points to the ultimate reality underpinning his change. What is evident is the fact that the gospel message is beginning to extend beyond Jerusalem and Judea. Paul inhabits that world of Christianity which he formerly tried to exterminate through the killing of Stephen. However, it was Stephen and his circle, not Paul, who launched a mission to Gentiles. Pauls missionary enterprise is not framed in generalities, as it is in Acts 1:8 (to be my witnesses) and Acts 9:15 (to carry my name). In Acts 22 and 26, Paul is directed to testify specifically about what he has seen and heard on the road to Damascus. The missionary charge to preach before kings in Acts 9:15 is Lukes anticipation of the way he closed Pauls public ministry by having Paul preach before King Agrippa (Acts 26:1-32), and it is suggestive of a Pauline appearance before Caesar (cf. Acts 23:11, 25:10-12 and 27:23-24.) Since Paul is the great missionary to the Gentiles, it is appropriate that his conversion/call immediately precede the worldwide spread of the gospel. Hence, Luke introduces it immediately before the movement of the gospel into the Gentile world, as the conclusion to the Palestinian mission. What were the consequences of this event for Pauls theology? The most difficult question to solve was, What impact does the Christian Gospel have on the concept and observance of the Law (Torah)? This question is still disputed today. The basic problem is that Paul seems to be vacillating between two concepts of law, a Jewish concept and his own Christian concept. Paul called his new concept the law of Christ (Gal. 6:2). The law summarized the Scriptures in another way, by regarding the love command as the common denominator. For the whole law is fulfilled in one word: you shall love your neighbor as yourself (Gal. 5:14). As Paul attempted to make sense of Christian theology, the Damascus event provided an unexpected answer to an old Jewish question: Is God the God of Jews only? Is he not the God of gentiles also? Because Christ ordered Paul to preach the gospel to the gentiles, Paul could now answer boldly: Yes, of Gentiles also Conclusion When reading Acts, one is struck by the immediacy of Pauls activity as an apologist and theologian for the Christian community after his conversion (Acts 9:20-22, 28-29). His theological views were already so profound as to be irrefutable by his first-century Jewish opponents (9:22). Neither the brevity of the Damascus event nor the three short days of blindness following it allowed for a new theological education. Therefore the encounter with Jesus must not have required the abandonment of his former learning, but informed and reoriented it toward a new understanding of salvation-history around some key theological point revealed to him in the event. It was Pauls conviction that if one read the Torah story, emphasizing it as a story of Gods works of salvation and righteousness for ancient Israel, then one could not escape seeing that God had wrought another salvation, and committed another righteousness, in Christ just like the ones of old but an even greater one ! Paul was so excited by his belief that God had committed a new, mighty act in Christ, that he just could not understand why everybody did not see it the way he did. For Paul, as for Jeremiah, it was a question of how you think. The New Testament contains six summaries of Pauls conversion experience (Acts 9:1-30; 22:1-21; 26:1-23; Gal. 1:13-17; 1 Cor. 15:8-10; Phil. 3:4-11). Paul also alludes to the event on the road to Damascus several times (Rom. 10:2-4; 1 Cor. 9:1, 16-17; 2 Cor. 3:4-4:6; 5:16; Eph. 3:1-13; Col. l:23-29). Those references emphasis the significance Paul placed on his conversion experience and for determining his ministry.